Tropical high altitude and severe asthma in adults: house dust mite sensitization and phenotypic distribution.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information on house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and phenotype distribution in patients with severe asthma (SA) living permanently at high-altitude (HA) in tropical regions, which may be different. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize adults with SA in a tropical high altitude city (2,640 m): Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study included severe asthmatic outpatients (n = 129) referred to the ASMAIRE program of the Fundación Neumológica Colombiana in Bogotá (2,640 m). Clinical history, spirometry, total IgE, blood eosinophils, and skin prick test (SPT), including HDM allergens, were performed. Phenotype definitions: Allergic/atopic (AA): IgE ≥100 IU/mL and/or at least one positive SPT; eosinophilic (EOS): blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/µL; type 2-high: AA and/or EOS phenotype; type 2-low: non-AA/non-EOS phenotype (IgE <100 IU/mL, negative SPT, and blood eosinophils <300 cells/µL). RESULTS: A total of 129 adults with SA were included, 79.8% female. Phenotype distribution: AA: 61.2%; EOS: 37.2%; type 2-high: 72.1%; type 2-low: 27.9%. Among AA patients, HDM sensitization was present in 87% and 34.9% were non-eosinophilic. There was a significant overlap between the phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to non-tropical high-altitude regions, we found a high frequency of HDM sensitization in patients with AA phenotype living in a tropical high-altitude city. We also found a discrete lower frequency of EOS phenotype with no other significant differences in the phenotypic distribution compared to that described at low altitudes. We propose that tropical location may modify the effect of high altitude on HDM concentrations and allergenicity.

Knowledge of Vaccination Against Influenza and Pneumococcus in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in an Integrated Care Program.

Purpose: To compare the level of knowledge in vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are managed in an Integrated Care Program (ICP) with those who receive usual care (UC). Methods: A telephone survey of patients diagnosed with COPD registered in public care networks or private institutions was done. A descriptive and comparative analysis of the characteristics of the ICP and UC groups was carried out. The relationship between belonging to an ICP and the level of knowledge about vaccination was evaluated using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and multivariate logistic and ordinal regression models. Results: Of 674 study participants, 27.2% were from the ICP group. ICP patients were older, more frequently men, from a higher socioeconomic stratum and a higher educational level (p<0.05). 75.5% of the patients in the ICP group had a high level of vaccination knowledge compared to 42.7% in the UC group (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, years of COPD diagnosis, and comorbidities, belonging to the ICP was associated with a higher probability of answering questions about vaccination correctly and having a high level of knowledge (OR 3.397, IC 95% 2.058-5.608, p<0.001). Conclusion: Patients with COPD managed in an ICP have a higher level of knowledge in vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus, compared to patients in usual care.

Successful Treatment With Mepolizumab for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Report.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is an uncommon antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis involving small and medium size blood vessels. It has a variable clinical presentation depending on the main organ involved, making it difficult to diagnose. Treatment is mainly based on high-dose steroids and other immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide, which may prevent end-organ damage and induce remission at the expense of having important adverse effects. However, new therapeutic agents had been shown to provide better results with favorable safety profiles. Biologic therapy with monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab and Mepolizumab has been approved for its use in ANCA vasculitis including eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. These cases describe two patients with EGPA whose initial presentation was severe asthma and who appeared to have extrapulmonary end-organ damage. Mepolizumab was used in both cases with a successful response.

Prevalence of genetic mutations in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (aatd) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an underrecognized genetic disorder associated mainly with pulmonary emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). All individuals with COPD regardless of age or ethnicity should be tested for AATD, but in Colombia its prevalence in unknown. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the genetic mutations, present in AATD in adult patients with COPD in Colombia, using a genotyping test on cells from the oral mucosa. METHODS: This was a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study which included adult patients attending seven COPD care centres in Colombia. Demographic data, medical history, including history of exposure to smoking and biomass smoke, most recent spirometry, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment received, serum AAT levels, and mutations detected by the genotyping test were recorded for all the recruited patients. For the comparison of variables between the groups with and without mutation, we used the X2 test for the qualitative variables and the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test according to their distribution. MAIN FINDINGS: We collected a sample of 1,107 patients, the median age was 73.8 years (87.6-79.9). Mutations were documented in 144 patients (13.01%), the majority had the M/S mutation (78.50%), followed by M/Z (9.72%). One patient had a ZZ mutation and two patients had null alleles. In total, 23 patients had mutations associated with serum AAT deficiency (levels below 60 mg/dl). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic mutations were documented in 13.01% of patients with COPD in Colombia and 2.07% were AATD-related, showing that there is a significant number of underdiagnosed patients.

The use of systemic corticosteroids in asthma management in Latin American countries.

The stepwise treatment approach recommended by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) includes systemic corticosteroids (SCS) suggested as a final step if asthma is severe and/or difficult to treat. Yet, despite the effectiveness of SCS, they are also associated with potentially irreversible adverse outcomes such as type 2 diabetes, adrenal suppression, and cardiovascular disease. Based on recent data indicating that the risk of developing these conditions can increase after as few as 4 short-term (burst) courses of SCS, even patients with mild asthma who receive SCS occasionally for exacerbations are also at risk of these events. As a result, recent updates by GINA and the Latin American Thoracic Society recommend decreasing SCS use by optimizing administration of non-SCS therapies and/or increasing the use of alternatives, such as biologic agents. Recent and ongoing studies characterizing treatment patterns among patients with asthma have revealed alarming trends suggesting the widespread overuse of SCS around the world. In Latin America, asthma prevalence is approximately 17%, and data suggest that the majority of patients have uncontrolled disease. In this review, we summarize currently available data on asthma treatment patterns in Latin America, which indicate that SCS are prescribed to 20-40% of patients with asthma considered to be well controlled and over 50% of patients with uncontrolled disease. We also offer potential strategies to help reduce SCS use for asthma in everyday clinical practice.

Risk factors for persistent tomographic abnormalities at 6 months of follow-up in a cohort of hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 living at high altitude.

Introduction: After COVID-19, functional and tomographic lung alterations may occur, but there are no studies at high altitude where, due to lower barometric pressure, there are lower levels of arterial oxygen pressure and saturation in both normal subjects and patients with respiratory disease. In this study, we evaluated the computed tomographic (CT), clinical, and functional involvement at 3 and 6 months post-hospitalization in survivors with moderate-severe COVID-19, as well the risk factors associated with abnormal lung computed tomography (ALCT) at 6 months of follow-up. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort, after hospitalization for COVID-19, of patients older than 18 years residing at high altitude. Follow-up at 3 and 6 months with lung CT, spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and oxygen saturation (SpO2). Comparisons between ALCT and normal lung computed tomography (NLCT) groups with X2 and Mann-Whitney U test, and paired test for changes between 3 and 6 months. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the variables associated with ALCT at 6-month follow-up. Results: We included 158 patients, 22.2% hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU), 92.4% with typical COVID CT scan (peripheral, bilateral, or multifocal ground glass, with or without consolidation or findings of organizing pneumonia), and median hospitalization of 7 days. At 6 months, 53 patients (33.5%) had ALCT. There were no differences between ALCT and NLCT groups in symptoms or comorbidities on admission. ALCT patients were older and more frequently men, smokers and hospitalized in ICU. At 3 months, ALCT patients had more frequently a reduced forced vital capacity (< 80%), and lower meters walked (6MWT) and SpO2. At 6 months, all patients improved lung function with no differences between groups, but there were more dyspnea and lower exercise SpO2 in ALCT group. The variables associated with ALCT at 6 months were age, sex, ICU stay, and typical CT scan. Conclusion: At 6-month follow-up, 33.5% of patients with moderate and severe COVID had ALCT. These patients had more dyspnea and lower SpO2 in exercise. Regardless of the persistence of tomographic abnormalities, lung function and 6MWT improved. We identified the variables associated with ALCT.

Association between erectile dysfunction and the severity of obstruction to airflow in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Asociación entre disfunción eréctil y la severidad de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore a possible association between ED and the severity of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the International Index Erectile Function (IIEF), a scale validated and translated to Spanish. Bivariate analyses between subgroups were made for quantitative variables using a t-test for means and Mann­Whitney U for medians; qualitative variables were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher's test, depending on distribution. Confusion bias in the association between ED and airflow obstruction was controlled using a logistic regression model. Results: The Spanish version of the IIEF-15 scale was valid and applicable to the Colombian population. The prevalence of ED in COPD patients living at high altitudes was similar to that found at sea level. Such prevalence is higher than in general population. Beta-blockers increased 7 times the risk of ED, but we found no association between the degree of airflow obstruction and ED. Conclusion: Although the severity of COPD is not associated with ED, the prevalence of ED in COPD is higher than in general population. Therefore, ED screening in COPD patients using the IIEF could be justified. The strong association between beta-blockers and ED had not been previously described in patients with COPD but must be considered in their clinical management.

Objetivos: Explorar una posible asociación entre DE y severidad de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo en pacientes con EPOC. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal aplicando el Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil (IIFE), validado y traducido al español. Se realizó análisis bivariado para variables cuantitativas usando prueba-t para medias y U de Mann Whitney para medianas; las variables cualitativas fueron comparadas usando prueba de Chi2 o test de Fisher, según distribución. Los sesgos de confusión en la asociación entre DE y obstrucción al flujo aéreo fueron controlados usando un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: La versión en español de la escala IIFE-15 fue aplicable en población colombiana. La prevalencia de DE en pacientes con EPOC viviendo a gran altura fue similar a lo encontrado a nivel del mar. Esta prevalencia es mayor que en población general. El uso de beta-bloqueadores aumentó hasta siete veces el riesgo de DE, pero no se encontró asociación entre el grado de obstrucción y la DE. Conclusiones: Aunque la severidad de la EPOC no está asociada con DE, la prevalencia de DE en EPOC es mayor que en población general. Está justificada la realización de tamizaje usando el IIFE. La asociación fuerte entre beta-bloqueadores y DE no se ha descrito previamente en pacientes con EPOC, pero debe considerarse en su manejo.

Cardiovascular events related to the use of macrolides in an intensive care unit / Eventos cardiovasculares relacionados con el uso de macrólidos en una unidad de cuidado intensivo

Abstract Introduction and objectives: macrolides are widely used antibiotics for which a greater frequency of cardiovascular events related to increased arrhythmias has been reported. This study seeks to describe some cardiovascular complications of the use of macrolides in ICU patients. Materials and methods: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study which included adult patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit at the Fundación Cardioinfantil who received antibiotic treatment with clarithromycin in 2013 and 2015. Results: the collected sample was 38 patients. The median age was 64 years, and clarithromycin was most frequently used for treating community-acquired infections, with pneumonia being the most common diagnosis. The frequency of atrial fibrillation or flutter was 7.89%, and ventricular tachycardia 2.63%. The most frequently used concomitant medication was quetiapine at 28.95%. The main cause of death was respiratory failure. Conclusions: the frequency of arrhythmias was high in our study, although the most frequent cause of death was respiratory failure. (Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1336).

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: los macrólidos son antibióticos ampliamente utilizados con los cuales se ha reportado una mayor frecuencia de eventos cardiovasculares relacionados con aumento de arritmias. Mediante este estudio, se busca describir algunas complicaciones cardiovasculares con el uso de macrólidos en pacientes en UCI. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se incluyeron pacientes adultos que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidado intensivo médico de la Fundación Cardioinfantil y que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico con claritromicina durante los años 2013 y 2015. Resultados: la muestra recolectada fue de 38 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue de 64 años y la claritromicina se usó más frecuentemente en el tratamiento de infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad, siendo la neumonía el diagnóstico más común. La frecuencia de arritmias tipo fibrilación o flutter auricular fue de 7.89% y de taquicardia ventricular 2.63%. El medicamento concomitante más frecuentemente usado fue la quetiapina con 28.95%. La principal causa de muerte fue falla respiratoria. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de arritmias fue alta en nuestro, aunque la causa de muerte más frecuente fue falla respiratoria.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1336).

Traqueobronquitis y neumonía asociadas a ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidado intensivo de Latinoamérica: epidemiología, curso clínico y desenlaces (Estudio LATINAVE) / Epidemiology, clinical evolution and outcomes of tracheobronchitis and pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units of Latin America (LATINAVE study)

Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a ventilación mecánica son causa importante de morbimortalidad en el paciente crítico. La diferenciación entre traqueobronquitis y neumonía no es siempre fácil, y es controvertida. Algunos trabajos describen aumento de mortalidad, mayor estancia en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI), mayor requerimiento de ventilación mecánica e incremento de costos en pacientes con traqueobronquitis asociada a ventilador (TAV), sin diferencias significativas en pacientes con neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV). Estos estudios no describen el comportamiento clínico y epidemiológico de la TAV y la NAV como 2 entidades independientes, por lo que es necesario describirlo. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico de cohorte prospectiva, de pacientes adultos que desarrollaron TAV o NAV durante su estancia en UCI, entre noviembre de 2013 y octubre de 2014. A cada una de las variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio y de desenlace, como tiempo de ventilación mecánica, estancia hospitalaria y muerte, se le realizó análisis descriptivo; para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos se utilizó test de chi cuadrado, t de Student o U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: Se incluyó a 143 pacientes, con edad promedio de 55 años, 57% eran hombres, de 6 países en Latinoamérica; 63% con NAV y 37% con TAV. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron cardiovascular (44%) y neurológica (30%); esta última fue más frecuente en TAV (41,5 vs. 23%; p = 0,02). No se encontró diferencia en APACHE II de ingreso. El índice SOFA fue mayor en NAV (8 vs. 5; p = 0,02). No hubo diferencias en el aislamiento microbiológico, ni en los patrones de resistencia bacteriana entre las 2 entidades. Se observó mayor número de complicaciones cardiovasculares y SDRA en pacientes con NAV. No se encontró diferencia entre los 2 grupos en estancia en UCI, los días de ventilación mecánica ni en mortalidad. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de TAV fue mayor a lo descrito hasta ahora en la literatura. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el aislamiento microbiológico, la resistencia bacteriana ni el esquema antibiótico utilizado en los 2 grupos. Aunque la NAV cursó con mayor proporción de complicaciones médicas asociadas, el hallazgo de una estancia hospitalaria, tiempo de ventilación mecánica y mortalidad similares sustenta la importancia clínica de la TAV.

Introduction: The infections associated with mechanical ventilation are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Limited studies report increased mortality and intensive care units (ICU) stays, requirements for mechanical ventilation and higher costs in ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (TAV) in comparison to patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (NAV). These studies do not describe the clinical and epidemiological behavior in the same population as independent entities, so it is necessary to describe the epidemiology of patients with TAV and NAV. Methods: Multicenter cross-sectional study of adult patients who developed TAV and/or NAV during their stay in the ICU in 2013 to 2014. A descriptive analysis was performed on each of the variables. For qualitative variables we assessed differences between groups using the Chi-squared test; for continuous variables, we used Student's t test or the Mann Whitney U test. Results: A total of 147 patients from 6 countries in Latin America were included; 63% with NAV and 37% with TAV. The average age was 55 years; 57% male. The most frequent comorbidity was cardiovascular (44%) and neurological (30%), the latter was more frequent in those with TAV (41.5 vs. 23%, P = .02). No differences were found in APACHE II on entry, but the difference appears in the SOFA index (8 vs. 5, P = .02). There were no differences in microbiological isolation, or bacterial resistance patterns between the 2 entities. A greater number of cardiovascular complications and ARDS were observed in patients with NAV. The ICU stay, days on mechanical ventilation and mortality were not different between the 2 groups. Conclusions: The TAV prevalence was higher than heretofore described in the literature. No significant differences were found in the microbiological isolation, bacterial resistance and antibiotic therapy used in the 2 groups, which might suggest that therapeutic approach be similar to that recommended for NAV. No differences were observed in clinical outcomes such as hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality, although NAV was associated with a greater proportion of medical complications.

Viejos índices, nueva utilidad en la altura / Old indexes, new utility at high altitude

El artículo de Martínez y cols. expone una nueva utilidad a los índices de oxigenación que se han usado en la medicina crítica durante décadas. En este caso diferencia alvéolo arterial de oxígeno - D (A-a) O2 y relación entre presión alveolar de oxígeno y fracción inspirada de oxígeno (PaO2 /FIO2 ) fueron analizados como predictores de ventilación mecánica en pacientes mayores de 65 años a 2600 metros sobre el nivel del mar (1). Las causas respiratorias de hipoxemia son la hipoventilación alveolar, el cortocircuito, las alteraciones de la ventilación perfusión y la deficiente difusión gaseosa. En pacientes con neumonía el mecanismo primordial de la hipoxemia es el cortocircuito, mecanismo en el cual la PaO2 se mantiene baja a pesar de elevar el aporte de oxígeno. La PaO2 /FIO2 fue introducida por Horovitz para evaluar el grado de alteración pulmonar en paciente en falla respiratoria con fracciones de oxígeno inspiradas variables (Horovitz JH, 1974) (2). Permite estimar el cortocircuito si se presume gasto cardiaco normal y una diferencia arteriovenosa del contenido de oxígeno normal. En pacientes con neumonía estas variables pueden estar alteradas (Covelli HD, 1983). Dado que lo esperado es una relación inversa entre la PaO2 /FIO2 y la altura, es necesario realizar ajustes con respecto a lo observado a nivel del mar. Lo anterior lleva a que los habitantes en alturas deban tener evaluación numéricas adicionales para determinar los puntos de corte que aplican a su realidad en caso de estar enfermos.

Localización del catéter de la arteria pulmonar de acuerdo con las zonas de West en radiografía portátil del tórax / Location of the pulmonary artery catheter according to West's zones in portable chest X-Ray

Objetivo: valorar la concordancia entre los observadores y entre las proyecciones anteroposterior y lateral de la ubicación del catéter. Metodología: en pacientes adultos con catéter de la arteria pulmonar les fueron tomadas radiografías de tórax portátil en proyecciones anteroposterior (AP) y translateral (LAT). Los estudios fueron interpretados en doble ciego por dos radiólogos independientes. Resultados: fueron incluidos 32 pacientes. Al evaluar la radiografía AP, 25porcentaje de los catéteres estaban ubicados en la zona 3 de West y 75porcentaje no lo estaban. En la radiografía translateral sólo 12 catéteres estaban en la zona 3. La concordancia interobservador en la placa AP fue 88porcentaje, en la lateral 73porcentaje y al evaluar la concordancia AP y LAT ésta fue de 57porcentaje.Conclusiones: la concordancia entre las proyecciones anteroposterior y translateral para definir la ubicación de la punta del catéter de la arteria pulmonar en zona 3 de West es baja y muy mala para la concordancia interobservador en la translateral. Evaluar el catéter de Swan-Ganz con una placa AP no es suficiente para otorgar credibilidad a los datos obtenidos de su medición.

Correlacion entre pulsioximetria y saturacion arterial de oxigeno en pacientes en cuidado intensivo / Correlation between pulse oximetry and arterial oxigen saturation in patients in ICU

Objetivo: en pacientes de la unidad de cuidado intensivo es muy importante la cuantificación de saturación periférica de 02 (Sp02) y la saturación arterial de 02 (Sa02); y la correlación de estos registros puede evitar el uso innecesario de estudios y facilitar la toma rápida de decisiones a través de una oximetría. Antecedentes: establecer la concordancia existente entre la saturación periférica de 02 medida por pulsioxímetría y la saturación arterial de 02 determinada por gasimetría arterial. Material y métodos: se tomaron muestras de gases arteriales y simultáneamente se registró el valor de pulsioxímetría. Se recolectaron 301 muestras, de 89 pacientes. Los casos estudiados correspondían a pacientes hospitalizados en la UCI médica de la Fundación Cardio-Infantil, mayores de 18 años y que tuvieran una línea arterial funcionante. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían falla respiratoria y procesos sépticos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre de 2000 y diciembre de 2001. Las variables que se tuvieron en cuenta fueron: género, edad, raza, tensión arterial media, calidad del pulso radial, inotrópicos, estado de tabaquismo, pH, pC02, p02, saturación de 02 de la muestra arterial, valor de la pulsioxímetría, hemoglobina, pigmentos posibles en el paciente, fenómeno de Raynaud, sedación, ventilación mecánica, PEEP, fracción inspirada de oxígeno (FIO,). Resultados: hubo una excelente concordancia entre la Sp02 y Sa02. (Rho 0,785) Posteriormente se constituyeron dos grupos, el primero conformado por aquellos pacientes con una diferencia entre Sp02 y Sa02 menor o igual a 2 por ciento y el segundo con una diferencia superior a éste, encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el PEEP, la fracción inspirada de oxígeno, la presión arterial de oxígeno y la sedación. Conclusiones: la pulsioxímetría es una medida confiable y se constituye en un adecuado reemplazo en caso de querer evaluar la oxigenación.